DEGREE PROGRAMMES

: City and Regional Planning

General Description

History

Architectural education in the city of Izmir has first been offered in 1963 by Aegean Engineering and Architectural Private School, which has been founded at Buca, Izmir. Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Architecture has then been established in 1992, on the 3rd of July. However, the foundation of the Faculty as party of Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Alsancak dates earlier, to the year 1971. The Faculty has been moved to its new building in Buca, Tınaztepe, Kaynaklar Campus in 2004.
Since the beginning of undergraduate architectural education with 12 students in 1972, the Faculty has gone through a number of new developments that have various legal and institutional reflections. One of such is the start of undergraduate education in urban planning with the foundation of the Department of City and Regional Planning in 1979. In time, the two Departments of Architecture and City Planning has taken a prominent place in the establishment of different institutional bodies as part of first the Aegean University Engineering Sciences, Academy of Engineering and Architecture (1971), secondly Aegean University Faculty of Fine Arts (1975), then Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (1982), and finally Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Architecture (1992). Since its inception the department has implemented formal education program. The education language of Bachelors Degree program is Turkish. There are graduate and doctorate (Phd) programs at the department of the city and regional planning in the Institute of Science as well as undergraduate program. The education language of graduate program is English.

Qualification Awarded

City and Regional Planning, Bachelor's Degree (B.Sc.)

Level of Qualification

First Cycle (Bachelor's Degree)

Specific Admission Requirements

Placement High-school diploma and score of Student Selection Examination organizing at national level. Foreign language preparatory program with one year period is applied within a quota to students who wish join the program. Duration of foreign language preparatory program is not included shown in the curriculum column.

Specific Arrangements for Recognition of Prior Learning (Formal, Non-Formal and Informal)

There is no special condition for the program beyond existing general rules at the university level. Regulation Regarding Principles of Transferring Between Programs Level of Associates Degree and Bachelors Degree in Higher Education Institutions, Double Major and Minor programs, and Making Credit Transfer Between Institutions and Assessment Terms concerned undergraduate transfer defining by Senate of Dokuz Eylul University are implemented for students wanting undergraduate transfer to Dokuz Eylul University from higher education institutions in Turkey and foreign countries.

Qualification Requirements and Regulations

A student is required being grade point average at least 2.00, completing 240 ECTS total, being successful from all courses, completing successfully urban research training (20 workdays 4 weeks) and office training (20 workdays 4 weeks) to successfully complete his/her education and receive a diploma. It has been evaluated according to relative grade system in our department. (Related Regulation Articles: Application Rules of Education and Examination in Faculty of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University Article 33.3, Article 17)

Profile of the Programme

The aim of education program is to educate qualified people and urban planners who are sensitive to man, nature and cultural processes, have the required professional knowledge and skills and adopt a professionally ethical behaviour. Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning aims at conceiving of the existing economical, social and cultural practices on the one hand, and producing of new alternatives derived from potentials on the other. For this purpose, courses related to urban design, urban planning, mathematics, economy, sociology, statistics, computer, law, ecology, urban geography, history of settlements, transportation, city management, architectural principles, infrastructure, urban conservation and renewal are given in the program. The courses are supported by modenr teaching tools and supplies. In the Department the education is full-time, and daytime and the language of education is Turkish. The Department have a project-based curriculum and the education program is supported by internships. The studies produced in project studios include the process of in-depth research studies. The data obtained in accordance with the information produced by the students in the course is used directly in project work. The project courses are carried out in the form of studio work and the projects are evaluated by the jury system at the end of the Semester. In the Department, due to the nature of the project based education, one to one relationship can be established between lecturers and students. Thus, different options for each student on an individual basis can be produced during the creation process. On the one hand the integration of theory and practice can be provided; experience created can be converted into knowledge through Revolving Fund and the Research Projects on the other.
City planning is an interdisciplinary profession in terms of its structure. This feature of the profession is also reflected in the education program of the Department. The education program contributes to the transformation of spatial environments that have been subject to rapid urbanization and to the production of alternative solutions provided for the existing spatial processes. The Department offers an education that enable the understanding of existing economic, social and cultural processes and that provide developing new options rooted by potentials. The Department educates qualified people and city planners who are sensitive to man, nature and cultural processes, attain professional knowledge and skills and are professionally ethical. Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning conducts research intended to deciphering the functioning of the urban system, understanding which processes the problems are connected with and setting forth the spatial hints in availing the offended social groups for reaching just conditions of living. The Department produces information about the city and delivers this information to the relevant institutions, organizations, and society.
Starting in 2011, The Bologna Process (European Higher Education Area adaptation efforts) that provides travelling of the countrys citizens in the European Higher Education Area in order to educate in higher education or work easily has started. Diploma Supplement can be given to the students who will graduate since 2012. Dokuz Eylul University has obtained Diploma Supplement Label. The studies about ECTS Label are in progress.
Our Department supports exchange of students and academicians with well-known and prestigious international institutions, and thereby upgrades information and experience. By 2012, we have 5 mutual agreements with the ERASMUS Program of student and academician exchange; and 3 mutual agreements with FARABI Exchange Program.

Key Learning Outcomes

1   Developing the ability of analytical thinking and skills in following up national/international literature necessary for carrying out researches.
2   Developing the skills to use qualitative and quantitative data in planning and design.
3   Ability to design, carry out, analyse and interpret the results of multi-disciplinary urban researches.
4   Ability of critical thinking (Developing clear questions, using abstraction techniques in expressing an opinion, ability of evaluating opposite opinions, drawing to well-examined outcomes and testing these with similar criteria and standards).
5   Developing foresight and creativity in spatial planning in the light of solid data and other hints.
6   Ability to comprehend the occupational and ethic responsibilities and values.
7   Ability to understand and interpret the legal responsibilities of planners in legislation and theoretical issues related to public use, ownership rights, user rights, urban governance, and planning.
8   Ability to plan and design taking into consideration the natural and artificial characteristics of land and the principles of the use of physical sources.
9   Ability to evaluate language, terminology, methods and techniques regarding to visual perception and regulatory systems in planning and design.
10   Ability to mediate, resolve conflicts and work together in multi-disciplinary teams within the framework of participatory planning.
11   Ability to adopt planning and design principles that will improve the quality of life and meet the user needs at the urban design scale.
12   Ability to plan taking into consideration the local needs, optimal development rights and population densities, design criteria and relevant regulations and urban standards at different scales and scopes.
13   Ability to achieve and evaluate spatial planning practice within social, economic, cultural and political framework.
14   Ability to plan regarding the needs in urban and rural areas at different scales.
15   Creating and sustaining healthy living places through planning and urban design decisions regarding and preserving naturally and culturally sensitive areas.
16   Understanding the differences in needs, demands, and behavioural, social and spatial patterns that characterize different cultures.
17   Ability of visual presentation (including the ability to process data through various techniques where hand-drawn and computer aided design techniques are used for achieving proper presentations; ability to represent different phases of planning and design including spatial analysis and synthesis ).

Occupational Profiles of Graduates with Examples

Alumni of the department are employed both in public and private sectors. Data about employment profiles of graduates is not acquired.
Our alumni can be employed both in public and private sectors. Major public institutions employing our alumni are ; The Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, some other ministries, related and provincial directorates of these ministries (such as DSI), municipalities and development agencies. In private sector, there are architecture, construction and development offices, real estate valuation firms, banks, et cetera. Our graduates can also establish their own offices/firms of planning and design, or construction.

Access to Further Studies

May apply to second cycle programmes.

Course Structure Diagram with Credits

There are 41 must and 45 elective courses available under the city and regional planning undergraduate program. The share of elective courses is 48% within the total number of available courses, and the share of must courses is 52%. Each student is to complete 14 elective courses prior to graduation. The share of must courses to be completed by each student is 75% in number, and the share of elective courses is 25%. There are 6 must courses required by Dokuz Eylul University in the program: ATA 1001 Principles of Atatürk and History of Revolution I (ATA 1001 Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi I), ATA 1002 Principles of Atatürk and History of Revolution II (ATA 1002 Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi II), TDL 1001 Turkish Language I (TDL 1001 Türk Dili I), TDL1001 Turkish Language I (TDL 1001 Türk Dili I), YDİ 1001 Foreign Language I (YDİ 1001 Yabancı Dil I, YDİ 1002 Foreign Language II (YDİ 1001Yabancı Dil II). There is not a pool of elective courses at the faculty level. There are 45 undergraduate level elective courses offered in the department. The students can take elective courses from other departments. All courses are semester-wise. The studio (project) courses are application oriented. All the studio (project) courses and internships have prerequisites. The students have to succeed in prerequisite studio (project) courses in order to take the following studio (project) course. There are two required internships in the undergraduate program: PLN 2994 Urban Research Internship (PLN 2994 Kentsel Araştırma Stajı) and PLN 3994 Office Internship (PLN 3994Büro Stajı). The urban research internship is completed through the guidance of faculty members in the department. The office internship can be completed in public or private planning offices or in professional and research projects conducted by the department. PLN 2112 Planning Project II (PLN 2112 Şehir Planlama Projesi II) is the prerequisite for PLN 3394 Office Internship, and PLN 3112 Planning Project IV ((PLN 2112 Şehir Planlama Projesi II) is the prerequisite for PLN 3994 Office Internship.
T: Theoretical P: Practice L: Laboratory
B: Spring Semester G: Fall Semester H: Full Year
1 .Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
G 1 ATA 1001 PRINCIPLES OF ATATURK AND HISTORY OF THE TURKISH REVOLUTION I REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 2 PLN 1111 BASIC DESIGN REQUIRED 4 8 0 14
G 3 PLN 1123 INTRODUCTION TO CITY PLANNING REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 4 PLN 1165 MATHEMATICS REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
G 5 PLN 1173 ECONOMICS REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 6 PLN 1175 SOCIOLOGY REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 7 PLN 1191 HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
G 8 YDİ 1007 FOREIGN LANGUAGE I (ENGLISH) REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 0
TOTAL:   30
 
2. Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
B 1 ATA 1002 PRINCIPLES OF ATATURK AND HISTORY OF THE TURKISH REVOLUTION II REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 2 PLN 1112 SPACE AND DESIGN REQUIRED 4 8 0 14
B 3 PLN 1124 URBAN GEOGRAPHY REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 4 PLN 1154 URBAN SOCIOLOGY REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 5 PLN 1164 MAPPING AND TOPOGRAPHY REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 6 PLN 1254 STATISTICS IN PLANNING REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 7 PLN 1322 URBAN ECONOMICS REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 8 PLN 1334 COMPUTER REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 9 YDİ 1006 FOREIGN LANGUAGE II (ENGLISH) REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 0
TOTAL:   30
 
3 .Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
G 1 PLN 2111 CITY PLANNING PROJECT I REQUIRED 4 8 0 15
G 2 PLN 2213 DESIGN TECHNIQUES REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 3 PLN 2245 QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN PLANNING REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
G 4 PLN 2293 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
G 5 PLN 2343 URBAN LANDSCAPE AND DESIGN REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 6 PLN 2421 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
G 7 TDL 1001 TURKISH LANGUAGE I REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 0
TOTAL:   30
 
4. Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
B 1 PLN 2112 CITY PLANNING PROJECT II REQUIRED 4 8 0 13
B 2 PLN 2216 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 3 PLN 2254 MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN PLANNING REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
B 4 PLN 2282 DEMOGRAPHY REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 5 PLN 2994 PRACTICE IN URBAN RESEARCH STUDIES SUMMER TRAINING 0 0 0 2
B 6 TDL 1002 TURKISH LANGUAGE II REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 6
TOTAL:   30
 
4 .Semester: Elective Course
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
B 1 PLN 2218 TRAFFIC PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 2 PLN 2222 CREATIVITY AND CREATIVE STUDIES ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 3 PLN 2226 PLANNING OF URBAN NON-RESIDENTIAL AREAS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 4 PLN 2346 DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF TOWN CENTRES ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 5 PLN 2374 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISING URBAN SPACE ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 6 PLN 2394 DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF HOUSING AND HOUSING ENVIRONMENTS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
 
5 .Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
G 1 PLN 3111 CITY PLANNING PROJECT III REQUIRED 4 8 0 15
G 2 PLN 3231 ECOLOGY AND URBAN PLANNING REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 3 PLN 3313 URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 4 PLN 3347 ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF CITIES REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 9
TOTAL:   30
 
5 .Semester: Elective Course
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
G 1 PLN 3309 URBAN GROWTH AND LAND POLICY ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 2 PLN 3319 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN PRACTICE IN PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 3 PLN 3327 ENVIRONMENT AND AESTHETICS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 4 PLN 3341 LANDSCAPE PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 5 PLN 3349 RESEARCH ON URBAN RETAIL STRUCTURE ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 6 PLN 3361 CONSERVATION PLANNING OF HISTORICAL AREAS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 7 PLN 3381 PRINCIPLES OF SETTLEMENT PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 8 PLN 3385 TECHNIQUES OF PROJECT PRESENTATION ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 9 PLN 3391 URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 10 PLN 3393 PROFESSIONAL FOREIGN LANGUAGE I ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
 
6. Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
B 1 PLN 3112 CITY PLANNING PROJECT IV REQUIRED 4 8 0 13
B 2 PLN 3332 URBAN CONSERVATION AND RENEWAL REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
B 3 PLN 3356 PLANNING LEGISLATIONS REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
B 4 PLN 3436 HOUSING REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
B 5 PLN 3994 PRACTICE IN PLANNING OFFICE SUMMER TRAINING 0 0 0 2
B 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 6
TOTAL:   30
 
6 .Semester: Elective Course
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
B 1 PLN 3316 URBAN FORM ANALYSIS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 2 PLN 3318 PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES IN PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 3 PLN 3320 COMPUTER AIDED APPLIED MATHEMATICS IN PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 4 PLN 3374 PROFESSIONAL FOREIGN LANGUAGE II ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 5 PLN 3382 CITY AND PLANNING IN HISTORY ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 6 PLN 3386 SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 7 PLN 3468 ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
 
7 .Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
G 1 İSG 4001 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY I REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
G 2 PLN 4121 CITY PLANNING PROJECT V REQUIRED 4 8 0 16
G 3 PLN 4311 REGIONAL AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING REQUIRED 2 0 0 3
G 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 9
TOTAL:   30
 
7 .Semester: Elective Course
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
G 1 PLN 4325 PLANNING THEORY AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 2 PLN 4375 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING APPROACH ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 3 PLN 4433 NEOLIBERAL URBANIZATION ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 4 PLN 4443 PLANNING POLICY ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 5 PLN 4451 FOREIGN LANGUAGE FOR PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 6 PLN 4461 RURAL PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 7 PLN 4469 TRANSPORTATION ECONOMY ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 8 PLN 4471 CULTURAL INDUSTRY AND THE CITY ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 9 PLN 4473 RISK MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION PLANNING IN NATURAL DISASTERS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 10 PLN 4477 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 11 PLN 4487 URBANIZATION AND HOUSING QUESTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 12 PLN 4491 JUDICIAL REVIEW IN CITY PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
G 13 PLN 4497 SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF HISTORICAL CITY CENTERS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
 
8. Semester:
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
B 1 İSG 4002 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY II REQUIRED 2 0 0 2
B 2 PLN 4122 CITY PLANNING PROJECT VI REQUIRED 4 8 0 18
B 3 PLN 4446 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION REQUIRED 2 0 0 4
B 0 - ELECTIVE COURSE ELECTIVE - - - 6
TOTAL:   30
 
8 .Semester: Elective Course
Semester No Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Course Unit Type T P L ECTS
B 1 PLN 4364 SOCIAL THEORY AND SPACE ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 2 PLN 4370 TOURISM PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 3 PLN 4384 PLANNING OF NEW SETTLEMENTS ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 4 PLN 4396 WATER AND PHYSICAL PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 5 PLN 4434 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS AND WRITING TECHNIQUES ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 6 PLN 4436 NEW LEGAL REGULATIONS ON THE AXIS OF NEOLIBERAL POLICIES IN URBAN PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 7 PLN 4452 CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 8 PLN 4474 SPATIAL STATISTICS IN PLANNING ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 9 PLN 4488 THE POLICIES ON AGRICULTURE SECTOR AND RURAL AREAS IN TURKEY ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
B 10 PLN 4490 ART, SPACE AND THE CITY ELECTIVE 2 0 0 3
 

Examination Regulations, Assessment and Grading

Evaluation and assessment methods for each course are defined in the Course Description Form that prepared by the related faculty member/s and take place within the information package. For examinations and course grades, related items in DEU Associate Degree and Undergraduate Academic and Examination Regulations and Implementing Principles of Academic and Examination of Faculty of Architecture are applied.
Link to Implementing Principles of Academic and Examination of Faculty of Architecture: http://www.deu.edu.tr/DEUWeb/Icerik/Icerik.php KOD=11392
Link to DEU Associate Degree and Undergraduate Academic and Examination Regulations: http://www.deu.edu.tr/DEUWeb/Icerik/Icerik.php KOD=5683

Graduation Requirements

For the graduation, The students should have at least 2.00 GPA, 240 ECTS in completing the courses, the success in all courses and urban research internship and office practice should also be successfully completed. Relative grading system is applied in our department. (related regulations items: Implementing Principles of Academic and Examination of Faculty of Architecture- item 33-3, item 17)

Mode of Study (Full-Time, Part-Time, E-Learning )

Full-time

Programme Director or Equivalent

Professor Sezai GÖKSU, Ph.D.
Department Chair
Telephone: +90 232 3018357, +90 232 3018479
Fax: +90 232 4532986
e-mail: sezai.goksu@deu.edu.tr
address: D.E.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü
Tınaztepe Yerleşkesi Doğuş Cad. No:209 35160 Buca
İZMİR, TURKEY
Assistant Professor Tolga Çilingir, Ph.D.
Vice Department Chair
Telephone: +90 232 3018479
Fax: +90 232 4532986
e-mail: tolga.cilingir@deu.edu.tr
address: D.E.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü
Tınaztepe Yerleşkesi Doğuş Cad. No:209 35160 Buca
İZMİR, TURKEY
Bologna Undergraduate Coordinators:
Associate professor Sibel Ecemiş KILIÇ, Ph.D
Telephone: +90 232 3018364 +90 232 3018465
Fax: +90 232 4532986
e-mail: sibel.ecemis@deu.edu.tr
address: D.E.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü
Tınaztepe Yerleşkesi Doğuş Cad. No:209 35160 Buca
İZMİR, TURKEY
Assistant Professor Neslihan KARATAŞ, Ph.D
Telephone: +90 232 3018446
Fax: +90 232 4532986
e-mail: neslihan.karatas@deu.edu.tr
address: D.E.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü
Tınaztepe Yerleşkesi Doğuş Cad. No:209 35160 Buca
İZMİR, TURKEY